上海娱乐地图

　

On March 13th, People’s Daily published an article signed by members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and Liu He, director of the Office of the Central Financial and Economic Leading Group, entitled "Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions is a profound change". The article, with more than 5,000 words, profoundly explains the inevitability, distinctive features and how to effectively promote the reform of the party and state institutions, which is worth studying carefully.

The article points out that "deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is a profound change to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity". Guided by Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, we should understand the necessity of promoting this profound change from the perspective of overall strategic situation and long-term development, and consciously implement it.

1. To deepen the reform of the party and state institutions, we must fully understand the historical and realistic inevitability of promoting this profound change.

The article points out that in the face of the new requirements put forward by the new era and new tasks, it is historical and realistic necessity to deepen the reform of the party and state institutions in accordance with the strategic deployment of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The CPC Central Committee has always attached great importance to the construction and reform of the party and state institutions. However, it should be noted that the current institutional setup and functional allocation of the party and the state are not perfect enough, and they cannot adapt well to the strategic layout and target requirements. For example,

It is not fully adapted to the requirements of promoting the overall layout of the "five in one" and coordinating the promotion of the "four comprehensive" strategic layout, and it is not fully adapted to the requirements of modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity;

It does not meet the requirements of achieving the goal of "two hundred years", especially the establishment of grass-roots institutions and the allocation of power need to be improved, and the ability to organize and serve the masses needs to be further improved; The political, advanced and mass nature of group organizations need to be enhanced.

At the same time, the party’s institutional setup and functional allocation need to be improved in some fields, for example,

In some areas, the party’s institutional setup and functional allocation are not sound enough, and the system and mechanism to ensure the party’s overall leadership and promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party need to be improved;

In some fields, the problems of overlapping party and government organs, overlapping responsibilities and disjointed powers and responsibilities are more prominent; Some government institutions are not scientifically set up and their responsibilities are divided, and the problems of lack of responsibilities and low efficiency are prominent, and the transformation of government functions is still not in place; In some areas, the functions of central and local institutions are generally rough, and the division of powers and responsibilities is not reasonable.

To solve these problems, we need to fully realize the historical and realistic inevitability of promoting this profound change and deepen the reform of the party and state institutions.

2. To deepen the reform of the party and state institutions, we must accurately grasp the distinctive features of this profound change.

The article holds that the measures to deepen the reform of the party and state institutions fully reflect the important requirements of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and have five distinctive features, namely:

Strengthening the overall leadership of the party is the core issue;

The comprehensive scope of reform is a prominent feature;

The depth of reform is revolutionary;

The design of reform is scientific;

The results of the reform should be legalized.

To solve the existing problems and deepen the reform of the party and state institutions, we need to accurately grasp the five distinctive features of this profound change.

3. To deepen the reform of the party and state institutions, we must effectively ensure the effective promotion of institutional reforms.

The article points out that deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is a systematic project, with arduous and complicated tasks and great difficulties in organizing and implementing. This requires:

Strengthen the party’s leadership, give full play to the party’s leading core role in the overall situation of reform, development and stability, and lead and promote this major reform with the party’s political advantages;

Implement the reform plan in an orderly manner according to law, and all localities and departments should conscientiously implement the reform plan determined by the central authorities, so as to achieve steady progress;

Give full play to the enthusiasm of the central and local governments. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the central government, strengthen the top-level design and overall planning, and make breakthroughs when conditions are ripe. On the other hand, it is also necessary to fully consider the local realities, mobilize and give play to local enthusiasm and creativity, and actively explore according to local conditions;

Do a solid and meticulous implementation work, and some institutional adjustments will be put in place within a few months after the introduction of the plan; Some reforms may take some time, which requires careful work.

The article holds that we must adhere to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability, adhere to the correct direction of reform, unify our thoughts and actions with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, unify our decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee on deepening the reform of the party and state institutions, strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences", resolutely safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core and centralize and unify leadership, grasp the relationship between reform, development and stability, strengthen our confidence, seize the opportunity, and focus on solving the phased problems.

The full text is as follows:

Deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is a profound change.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made important arrangements for deepening institutional reform in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China studied and made a decision on deepening the reform of party and state institutions. The "Decision" clearly pointed out that "deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is a profound change in promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity". Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, we should understand the necessity of promoting this profound change from the perspective of overall strategic situation and long-term development, and consciously implement it.

First, fully understand the historical and realistic inevitability of promoting this profound change.

The CPC Central Committee has always attached great importance to the construction and reform of the party and state institutions. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has adhered to the problem orientation, highlighted key areas, deepened the reform of the party and state institutions, made significant progress in some important areas and key links, and provided a strong guarantee for the historic achievements and changes in the cause of the party and state. Facing the new requirements of the new era and new tasks, it is historical and realistic to deepen the reform of the party and state institutions and continuously promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity in accordance with the strategic deployment of the 19th Party Congress.

(A) deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is an inevitable requirement for upholding and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. As a superstructure, the functional system of the Party and state institutions is an important part of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system, which needs to be constantly improved to adapt to the progress of social productive forces and the change of economic base. After the founding of New China, under the leadership of our Party, China has established the basic socialist system and gradually established the functional system of the Party and state institutions with Chinese characteristics, which has played an important role in promoting socialist construction. Since the reform and opening up, to meet the needs of the development of the socialist market economy, our party has actively promoted the reform of the party and state institutions, and the functions of various institutions have been continuously optimized and gradually standardized, which has effectively promoted the reform and opening up and socialist modernization. As Socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, the functional system of the Party and state institutions must meet the requirements of the development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. However, it should be noted that the current institutional setup and functional allocation of the Party and the state are not fully adapted to the requirements of promoting the overall layout of the "five in one" and the coordinated promotion of the "four comprehensive" strategic layout, and are not fully adapted to the requirements of modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity. We must deepen the reform of the Party and state institutions in accordance with the requirements of upholding and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

(2) Deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is an inevitable requirement for strengthening the party’s long-term ruling ability. The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership is the most essential feature of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. The functional system of the party and state institutions is an important guarantee for our party to govern the country and is an important support to ensure that the party always takes the overall situation and coordinates all parties. If our Party wants to smoothly advance various undertakings in Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, better lead the people to carry out great struggles, build great projects, advance great undertakings, and realize great dreams, it must give full play to the greatest institutional advantage of the Party’s leadership from the organizational structure, implement the Party’s leadership in all fields and links where the Party and state organs fully and correctly perform their duties, and institutionally ensure the long-term governance of the Party and the long-term stability of the country. At present, the party’s institutional setup and functional allocation in some fields are not sound enough, and the institutional mechanism to ensure the party’s overall leadership and promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party needs to be improved. Strengthening the construction of the Party’s long-term ruling ability and promoting the comprehensive and strict administration of the Party urgently require deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions, perfecting the institutional arrangements to ensure the Party’s overall leadership, improving the Party’s leadership and ruling style, and enhancing the Party’s ability and determination to take the direction, seek the overall situation, formulate policies and promote reform.

(3) Deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is an inevitable requirement for the self-improvement and development of the socialist system. Perfecting and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system and promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity are the overall goals of comprehensively deepening reform. Deepening institutional reform, as an important part of comprehensively deepening reform, plays an institutional support and guarantee role in various fields of reform. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, we have resolutely eliminated the shortcomings of various institutional mechanisms, made breakthroughs in reforms in important areas and key links, and improved Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system. However, it must be noted that in order to fundamentally solve many deep-seated contradictions and problems in development and consolidate and develop the reform achievements, the reform must go deep into the institutional level. At present, the problems of overlapping party and government organs, overlapping responsibilities and separation of powers and responsibilities in some fields in China are more prominent; Some government institutions are not scientifically set up and their responsibilities are divided, and the problems of lack of responsibilities and low efficiency are prominent, and the transformation of government functions is still not in place; In some areas, the functions of central and local institutions are generally rough, and the division of powers and responsibilities is not reasonable. To solve these problems, we must deepen the reform of the party and state institutions and provide institutional support and guarantee for the continuous deepening of reforms in the fields of economy, society, politics, culture and ecological civilization.

(4) Deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is an inevitable requirement for achieving the goal of "two hundred years", building a socialist modern country and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In order to achieve the goal of "two hundred years", the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China made a strategic arrangement for the development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, that is, to build a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020; By 2035, basically realize socialist modernization; By the middle of this century, China will be built into a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernization power. To achieve the goal of the first century, the functions of the party and state institutions must provide guarantee for solving outstanding contradictions, laying a solid battle to prevent and resolve major risks, accurately get rid of poverty, and prevent and control pollution; At the same time, to achieve the goal of the second century, we must pay attention to solving the long-term institutional and institutional problems. However, it should be noted that at present, China’s institutional setup and functional allocation are not suitable for achieving the goal of "two hundred years", especially the establishment of grass-roots institutions and the allocation of power need to be improved, and the ability to organize and serve the masses needs to be further improved; The political, advanced and mass nature of group organizations need to be enhanced. This urgently requires deepening the reform of the party and state institutions, scientifically allocating institutional functions, and improving institutional mechanisms to provide a strong institutional guarantee for winning the Chinese dream of building a well-off society in an all-round way, starting a new journey of building a socialist modernized country in an all-round way, and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Second, accurately grasp the distinctive features of this profound change

In the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader explicitly demanded that all outdated ideas and disadvantages of institutional mechanisms should be resolutely eliminated, the barriers of solidification of interests should be broken through, the beneficial achievements of human civilization should be absorbed, and an institutional system with complete system, scientific norms and effective operation should be built to give full play to the superiority of China’s socialist system. This move to deepen the reform of the party and state institutions fully embodies the important requirements of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and has the following distinctive features.

(1) Strengthening the overall leadership of the Party is the core issue. Party, government, military and civilian studies, east, west, north and south, the party is the leader of everything. The "Decision" clearly stated that strengthening the Party’s leadership over all aspects of work in all fields is the primary task of deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions. In order to improve the system of adhering to the party’s overall leadership, the "Decision" requires: First, establish and improve the party’s leadership system and mechanism for major work. First of all, we must strengthen the party’s centralized and unified leadership over major work involving the overall cause of the party and the state. Optimize the decision-making and deliberation coordination institutions of the CPC Central Committee. Strengthen and optimize the Party’s leadership in deepening reform, governing the country according to law, economy, agriculture and rural areas, discipline inspection and supervision, organization, propaganda of ideology and culture, national security, politics and law, United front, ethnic and religious affairs, education, science and technology, network information, diplomacy and auditing. Other deliberative and coordinating bodies should be linked with the establishment and adjustment of the decision-making deliberative and coordinating bodies of the CPC Central Committee. The second is to strengthen the leading position of the Party’s organizations in organizations at the same level, and give full play to the role of the Party in overall planning and coordinating all parties. The third is to give full play to the role of the party’s functional departments, strengthen the function of centralized coordination, and coordinate the work of this system in this field. Fourth, make overall arrangements for the establishment of party and government organizations. Relevant party organizations can make overall arrangements with other departments with similar functions and close ties, and implement merger or joint office. The fifth is to promote the reform of the party’s discipline inspection system and the state supervision system, and set up national, provincial, municipal and county supervision committees to achieve full coverage of all public officials exercising public power.

(2) The comprehensive scope of reform is a prominent feature. Different from the previous institutional reform, which mainly involved government institutions and administrative systems, this institutional reform is a comprehensive reform, including the party, government, people’s congresses, CPPCC, judiciary, mass organizations, social organizations, institutions, cross-military, central and local institutions. In addition to perfecting the system of adhering to the party’s overall leadership, the first is to optimize the establishment of government institutions and the allocation of functions. It is required to rationally allocate the functions of macro-management departments, further promote decentralization, improve market supervision and law enforcement systems, reform natural resources and ecological environment management systems, improve public service management systems, and strengthen supervision after the event. The second is to coordinate the institutional reform of the party, government and military groups. It is required to improve the layout of party and government institutions, deepen the reform of people’s congresses, CPPCC and judicial institutions, deepen the reform of mass organizations, promote the reform of social organizations, accelerate the reform of public institutions, and deepen the reform across the military. The third is to set up local institutions reasonably. It is required to ensure centralized and unified leadership, give more autonomy to provincial and lower institutions, build a simple and efficient grass-roots management system, and standardize the vertical management system and local hierarchical management system.

(3) The depth of reform is revolutionary. The reason why this reform is revolutionary lies in not avoiding the adjustment of power and interests, but in integrating the existing traditional vested interests and reshaping the new interest pattern. The "Decision" proposes that we should resolutely get rid of the shortcomings of the system and mechanism that restrict the market from playing a decisive role in resource allocation and giving full play to the role of the government, focus on promoting high-quality development, build a modern economic system, strengthen and improve the government’s functions of economic regulation, market supervision, social management, public services and ecological environment protection, and adjust and optimize the functions of government institutions. For example, it is explicitly required to reduce micro-management affairs and specific examination and approval items, minimize the direct allocation of market resources by the government, and minimize the direct intervention of the government in market activities. Relax the restrictions on service industry access and fully implement the negative list system for market access. Establish state-owned natural resource asset management and natural ecological supervision institutions, improve the ecological environment management system, uniformly exercise the duties of the owner of all natural resource assets owned by the whole people, uniformly exercise all the duties of land and space use control and ecological protection and restoration, and uniformly exercise the duties of supervising all kinds of pollution emissions in urban and rural areas and administrative law enforcement. Accelerate the separation of government and society and overcome the tendency of administrative social organizations. Realize the separation of government and business, and no longer set up institutions to undertake administrative functions. Institutions that provide public welfare services to the society will gradually promote the separation of management and operation, strengthen the public welfare attributes, and break the profit-seeking mechanism.

(D) The design of the reform embodies the scientific nature. Scientific nature is the key to the success of the reform, which is related to whether the whole reform plan meets the actual needs and the objective laws. In view of the scientific organization of our country, the restriction of power operation and the imperfect supervision mechanism in some fields, the Decision adheres to the principle of optimizing coordination and efficiency, and emphasizes the need to optimize the establishment and functional allocation of the party and state institutions. First, adhere to the principle that a category of matters should be co-ordinated by one department in principle, and one thing should be handled by one department in principle, and strengthen the cooperation and linkage of relevant institutions to avoid multiple policies, unclear responsibilities and buck passing. Second, it is required to set up government departments at all levels and their internal institutions, scientifically allocate power, reduce the number of institutions, simplify the middle level, implement flat management, and form a top-down efficient organizational system. Third, it is clearly required to correctly understand and implement the division of responsibilities between the party and government, straighten out the relationship between the responsibilities of the party and government agencies, ensure the centralized and unified leadership of the party, and ensure the coordinated and efficient operation of other institutions. It is required to reduce multi-head management and reduce scattered responsibilities. The fourth is to set up a management and guarantee institution for retired military personnel, coordinate all forces, and better serve retired military personnel. Fifth, the functions of institutions at the provincial, city and county levels involving centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, national legal system, government decrees and markets should basically correspond; Decentralize economic and social management matters that are directly oriented to the grassroots, large in quantity and wide in scope, and more convenient and effective for local implementation to local governments. Allow local authorities to set up institutions and allocate functions according to local conditions, allowing not only "one-to-many",Many-to-one is also allowed.

(5) The results of the reform should be legalized. It is a successful practice to solidify and institutionalize the reform results through legalization in recent years. The "Decision" pointed out that the legalization of institutional establishment is an important guarantee for deepening the reform of the party and state institutions. In view of the problems that the standardization and legalization of institutional establishment in China are relatively lagging behind, and the management methods of institutional establishment need to be improved, the "Decision" clearly requires promoting the legalization of institutional establishment. It is necessary to manage all kinds of organizations according to law and accelerate the legalization of institutions, functions, authorities, procedures and responsibilities. The first is to improve the laws and regulations of the party and state institutions. Strengthen the construction of laws and regulations within the party, study and formulate the organization establishment law, and enhance the seriousness and authority of the "three decisions" provisions. We will fully implement the power and responsibility list system of government departments, realize the organic connection between the power and responsibility list and the "three decisions", and standardize and constrain the performance of duties. The second is to strengthen the rigid constraints of institutional staffing management. Strengthen the party’s centralized and unified leadership over the organization establishment, make overall use of various establishment resources, and increase the overall deployment of establishment between departments and regions. Strict implementation of institutional limits, the number of leadership positions, the types and total amount of preparation and other provisions. Strictly control supernumerary employees. The third is to increase the investigation and punishment of violations of discipline and law in the organization, and seriously pursue accountability.

Third, effectively guarantee the effective promotion of institutional reform

Deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is a systematic project, with arduous and complicated tasks and great difficulty in organizing and implementing. We must adhere to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability, adhere to the correct direction of reform, unify our thoughts and actions with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, and unify them with the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee on deepening the reform of the party and state institutions, strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences", resolutely safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core and centralize and unify leadership, grasp the relationship between reform, development and stability, strengthen confidence, seize opportunities, and focus on solving outstanding contradictions in stages.

　　(1) Strengthening Party leadership. Deepening the reform of the party and state institutions is a major event in the current political life of the party and state. We must give full play to the party’s leading core role in the overall situation of reform, development and stability, and lead and promote this major reform with the party’s political advantages. The unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee deepens the reform of party and state institutions, and plays the role of overall coordination, overall promotion and supervision and implementation. It is necessary to strengthen the systematicness, integrity and coordination of the reform, and strengthen the coordination of institutional reforms in all aspects of the party, government and military groups, so that all reforms can promote each other and complement each other to form an overall effect. All localities and departments must resolutely implement the task of deepening the reform of the party and state institutions set by the CPC Central Committee, and party committees and governments must fulfill their main responsibilities, dare to take responsibility and dare to face difficulties.

　　(2) Implementing the reform plan in an orderly manner according to law. The requirements of institutional reform should ultimately be reflected in the reform plan. All localities and departments should conscientiously implement the reform plan determined by the central authorities, so as to ensure a steady pace. If laws and regulations need to be formulated or amended to implement the institutional reform plan, relevant procedures should be started in time. In formulating specific implementation plans such as the "three decisions", all departments, especially those involved in the adjustment of institutional functions, should pay attention to the overall situation, consciously obey the central decision, ensure that institutional functions are adjusted in place in time as required, and pay close attention to the completion of transfer and handover, and are not allowed to make changes or delay reforms. Under the unified deployment of the CPC Central Committee, the central and provincial institutional reforms were initiated, and the institutional reforms below the provincial level were carried out after the provincial institutional reforms were basically completed.

　　(3) Give full play to the initiative of the central and local authorities. China has a vast territory and a large population, and the situation at all levels is very different. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the central government, strengthen the top-level design and overall planning, intensify breakthroughs when conditions are ripe, and do a good job of connecting with reforms in other fields, so as to achieve a game of chess and consistent actions throughout the country; On the other hand, we should also give full consideration to local conditions, mobilize and give full play to local enthusiasm and creativity, and encourage local and grass-roots units to actively explore according to local conditions. For practices of universal significance, it is necessary to sum up experience and promote them nationwide in time.

　　(4) Do a solid and meticulous implementation work. Deepening institutional reform involves the adjustment of the interests of departments and individuals, and the specific implementation of the reform plan is challenging. Some institutional adjustments will be put in place within a few months after the introduction of the plan; Some reforms may take some time, which requires careful work. Party committees and governments at all levels should fulfill their leadership responsibilities for deepening the institutional reform of the Party and the state, study and solve new situations and new problems arising in the process of institutional reform, strengthen ideological and political work, and do a good job in patiently and meticulously explaining and educating the departments and individuals involved, so as to ensure that their thoughts are not chaotic, their ranks are not scattered, and their operations are normal. Relevant departments should correctly guide public opinion, do a good job in propaganda, interpretation and answering questions, create a good social environment, and ensure the smooth, orderly and effective progress of all work.

From October 26 to 29, 2015, the fifth plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC).

　　The Fourth Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress and the Fourth Session of the Twelfth National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference will be held in Beijing on March 5 and March 3, 2016 respectively. As a grand blueprint for China’s economic and social development and a program of action for the people of all ethnic groups in China, the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" will undoubtedly become a topic of great concern for the two sessions.

　　From the strategic layout of "Chinese Dream" to "Four Comprehensiveness", from the great judgment of "three-phase superposition" to "the new normal of economic development", from the economic guidance of "firmly establishing five development concepts" to "moderately expanding total demand while focusing on strengthening supply-side structural reform" … … Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has been far-sighted, taking the overall situation into consideration, put forward new ideas, new concepts and new strategies for governing the country, and formed a series of expositions on economic work with great guidance, foresight and pertinence from the stage characteristics of China’s economic development. These discourses fully embody the overall, systematic, ecological and realistic view of the supreme leader’s economy, and its core essence is nothing more than these eight words — — Coordinated development and overall consideration.

From November 24 to 26, 2015, the supreme leader was at the Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference.

　　coordinated development

　　Coordinated development is the key to development during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. It is not only a development means, but also a development goal, and it is also a standard and yardstick for evaluating development.

　　The supreme leader has repeatedly stressed the importance of coordinated development. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee focused on the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way and put forward the concept of "coordinated development". The supreme leader pointed out: "Next is good ‘ Thirteenth Five-Year Plan ’ Coordinated development is the key to success in a national chess game developed during the period. "

　　To adhere to coordinated development and take root in the overall layout of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s cause, the key lies in handling the major relations in the development process, which are embodied in promoting coordinated regional development, coordinated urban and rural development, and coordinated development of material civilization and spiritual civilization.

From November 27 to 28, 2015, the top leaders were at the Central Poverty Alleviation and Development Work Conference.

　　Promoting regional coordinated development lies in shaping a new pattern of regional coordinated development with orderly and free flow of factors, effective constraint of main functions, equal basic public services and bearable resources and environment.

　　The Supreme Leader pointed out: "Coordinated regional development is an important part of overall development, which is closely related to coordinated urban and rural development. The imbalance of regional development has the effect of economic laws, but the excessive regional gap is also a political issue that needs attention. Regional coordinated development is not an average development or isomorphic development, but a differentiated coordinated development with complementary advantages. "

　　Promoting the coordinated development of urban and rural areas lies in improving the system and mechanism of urban and rural development integration, improving the long-term mechanism of rural infrastructure investment, promoting the extension of urban public services to rural areas, and improving the level of building a new socialist countryside.

　　"Urban and rural integration should be well coordinated, and issues such as the flow of people, layout and social development in urban and rural integration should be well planned." The Supreme Leader has repeatedly stressed: "The linkage between urban and rural areas is to break the dual structure of urban and rural areas, combine the development of block economy with the promotion of urbanization, promote the coordinated development of regional economy, and accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas."

　　Promoting the coordinated development of material civilization and spiritual civilization lies in accelerating cultural reform and development, strengthening the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, building a socialist cultural power, strengthening ideological and moral construction and social integrity construction, enhancing national awareness, rule of law awareness and social responsibility awareness, advocating scientific spirit and carrying forward Chinese traditional virtues.

　　Comrade Supreme Leader pointed out that to correctly handle the relationship between material civilization and spiritual civilization with a dialectical, comprehensive and balanced view, only when the construction of material civilization and spiritual civilization is well done, the material and spiritual strength of the country is enhanced, and the material and spiritual lives of people of all ethnic groups in China are improved, can the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics move forward smoothly.

From December 20 to 21, 2015, the top leaders worked in the central city.

　　协调发展符合马克思主义哲学思想，是发展两点论和重点论的统一，是发展平衡和不平衡的统一，是发展短板和潜力的统一。贯彻落实习总书记重要思想，要学会运用辩证法，善于“弹钢琴”，处理好局部和全局、当前和长远、重点和非重点的关系。

　　统筹兼顾

　　最高领袖指出，谋划“十三五”时期发展，要清醒认识面临的风险和挑战，把难点和复杂性估计得更充分一些，把各种风险想得更深入一些，把各方面情况考虑得更周全一些，搞好统筹兼顾。

　　十八大以来，以最高领袖同志为总书记的党中央坚持实践创新、理论创新，协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，坚持统筹国内国际两个大局，毫不动摇坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，党和国家各项事业取得了新的重大成就。

　　“统筹兼顾是中国共产党的一个科学方法论。它的哲学内涵就是马克思主义辩证法。”最高领袖指出，“十三五”期间，我们要做好经济与社会、城乡区域、人与自然、国内国外、政治经济文化、新“四化”、政府与市场、经济建设与国防建设等重大关系的协调发展，以确保如期全面建成小康社会。他强调：“涉及经济、政治、文化、社会发展各个领域，其根本要求是统筹兼顾。”

　　The key to overall consideration is to coordinate interests.

　　Regional development needs overall planning. The economic development in the eastern region of China is relatively fast, and the four major cities of "North, Guangzhou and Shenzhen" are facing new problems in the development of large urbanization; Many first-tier cities along the coast have benefited from the policies of provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, and actively applied for the construction of free trade zones. The development of the central and western regions is relatively backward, which has great development potential and space.

　　Urban and rural development needs overall planning. Urban development should be scientifically planned and reasonably constructed to avoid disorderly and repeated construction, especially in densely populated cities.

　　The development of material civilization and spiritual civilization needs to be coordinated. With the rapid development of cities, planning and construction should protect the historical and cultural heritage, develop Chinese and Western medicine together, encourage the inheritance and innovation of Chinese medicine, and respect the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, which is the concrete embodiment of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s patriotism and the concrete practice of the unity of patriotism and socialism.

On January 18, 2016, the top leaders studied and implemented the opening ceremony of the spirit seminar of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18 th CPC Central Committee at the provincial and ministerial level.

　　Economic "comprehensive" view

　　From Mao Zedong’s thought of "playing the piano" to Deng Xiaoping’s theory of "two hands" to the supreme leader’s "all-round" view, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s idea and methodology of overall planning and coordinated development have not only been well inherited, but also developed with the times.

　　In 2015, China’s GDP growth rate stabilized to 6.9%. At present, China’s economy is in the stage of structural adjustment, and the labor cost and the carrying capacity of resources and environment have quietly changed. The international market’s demand for China’s economic development has changed, and China’s high-tech development is full of challenges. However, challenges and opportunities coexist, and China’s economy has the potential of high economic growth again on both the demand side and the supply side.

　　On the demand side, the per capita income of China residents is constantly increasing, and there is huge room for growth in consumption, which will become an important driving force for China’s economic growth. Supporting the reform of the residence permit system in cities and the adjustment of taxes and fees for real estate transactions, the China property market shows signs of recovery; China-Australia and China-South Korea FTA are being implemented in stages, and coastal airports have set up duty-free storefronts, and a large number of consumer goods will flood into China; Holiday travel has become the main choice for people’s life and leisure. During the Spring Festival holiday, domestic famous scenic spots are full of tourists, and overseas travel and purchasing are also in full swing. The consumption of new youth groups, mainly those born after 1990s and 00, has increased rapidly in cinema lines and electronic products … … China’s enterprise investment also has a broad growth space. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council, with the Supreme Leader as the general secretary, encourage China’s powerful enterprises and excellent technology to "go global". China-Africa cooperation has a long history. The development strategy of "Belt and Road" has deepened the friendship and cooperation between China and Middle Eastern countries. The Asian Investment Bank has been officially listed and formal investment projects will be implemented soon.

　　At the same time, enterprises with excellent high-tech have also gained a foothold overseas. China high-speed rail technology, China nuclear energy technology, China communication power technology and so on are all technology-oriented, driving China enterprises to invest abroad.

　　On the supply side, China’s economy is upgrading and adjusting its industrial structure, striving to change the economic structure dominated by labor output value and gradually increase the proportion of technology output value and capital output value in the economic structure; Change the growth mode that relied on quantity and labor force in the past, and turn to the growth mode that relied on quality and capital technology. In terms of capital growth, the demographic dividend of China’s economic and social labor force has been gradually relaxed. There are more than 200 million young people born in the 1980s, and more than 100 million young people born in the 1990s and after 00. The relative reduction of the young and middle-aged population has brought rapid growth opportunities to China’s savings and capital markets. In terms of technological growth, the innovation-driven development strategy is leading the vigorous development of high-tech in China, attracting domestic and foreign capital to invest in high-tech enterprises and strengthening international cooperation and development.

　　On January 29th, 2016, during the 30th collective study in the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, the Supreme Leader emphasized: "Accurately grasp the strategic priorities of China’s development, make sure that we have a clear idea, implement strategies, and act with strategies. With a promising mental state, the will to fight against difficulties, and the urgency to seize the day, we will surely turn the grand blueprint of the 13th Five-Year Plan into reality step by step by grasping the development strategic priorities and driving the overall development."

　　Reference News Network reported on January 7 that the British newspaper The Guardian published an article by Helen Roxberg on December 28, 2017, entitled "Sponge City in China Makes Streets Green to Fight Floods".

　　According to the article, a small area in Shanghai is turning green, with street after street.

　　In the harbor area, rows of trees are planted on the sidewalk, and the street gardens and public squares are full of plants. The plan between the crane and the construction site shows that the new building is surrounded by parks, streams and water features.

　　The article said that Lingang has a task. As a "sponge city" pilot area in Shanghai, it is trying an ecological scheme to replace the traditional flood control and drainage system in this coastal city that has long faced the risk of sea level rise.

　　According to the article, the rapid rise of cement forest in China often leads to the impermeable hard road surface that hinders the natural direction of water flow. In order to reverse this situation, the concept of "sponge city" focuses on building green infrastructure, such as wetlands, rooftop plants and rain gardens.

　　Havemei, director of water management at Cadiz China, said, "In natural environment, most rainfall will seep into the ground or collect into surface water, but the appearance of large-scale hard roads has destroyed this process. Now, only about 20% of the rainwater in the city penetrates underground, thus breaking the natural water cycle, causing waterlogging and surface water pollution. "

　　In Lingang, permeable sidewalks have been built on wide streets to allow water to flow into the soil. The central isolation belt is used as a rain park, filled with soil and planted with plants. The huge artificial lake helps to control the water flow, and the building has also built a green roof and water tank.

　　According to the article, in 2015, the state put forward the initiative to build a "sponge city", and 16 cities became pilot cities, which will be expanded to 30 cities, including Shanghai.

　　AARON Li, a professor at Tongji University, said: "The first thing to do is to protect or restore the natural water system as much as possible, which is a natural way to reduce the risk of waterlogging. For example, in Wuhan, the main problem is that many rivers are buried in the construction process. One advantage of the port area is that there are still a large number of farmland and an artificial lake, which can store more water during heavy rainfall. "

　　"In the past, people took land from water. Now, we need to return the land. "

　　According to the article, the port area can introduce new inventions into the urban structure, but it is very difficult to transform the old areas in Shanghai. Recent reconstruction work includes using permeable materials and increasing the area of sidewalks, so that the ground can naturally "absorb water".

　　But it is difficult to add new green space. AARON Li said that even the existing parks are basically a missed opportunity, because they are usually above the road and cannot provide natural access for a large amount of water. The most important thing is to build a green roof — — The Shanghai Municipal Government wants to build a 400,000 square meter roof garden — — Or gradually transform the sidewalk.

　　According to the article, by 2020, the government hopes that 20% of the built-up areas in each pilot city will have the function of sponge city, which means that at least 70% of rainwater can be stored, reused or absorbed by the ground. By 2030, 80% of the area of each city will meet this requirement. (Compile/Lu Di)

　　

　　Caption: The existing old equipment is transformed into information technology [Photography High Aviation]

　　

　　

　　Caption: Guo Xiaodong, political commissar of an armored division in the Beijing Military Region [Photography Gao Hang]

　　An armored division in Beijing Military Region actively explores the development path of information construction in the army, "embeds" information technology into the existing equipment, maximizes the effectiveness of the existing equipment, and leads the rapid growth of the talent team, thus making the overall combat capability of the army jump. Recently, our reporter interviewed Guo Xiaodong, the political commissar of this division, on the information construction of the army.

　　Reporter: Hello, political commissar! First of all, please tell us something about your army.

　　Guo Xiaodong: Our division was formerly the first tank brigade of our army-Northeast Tank Brigade, which was established in majiawan, Shenyang on December 1, 1945. On September 1, 1950, the China People’s Liberation Army Motorized Armored Forces Command was established in Beijing, and our division was organized as the First Tank Division. Since the War of Liberation, our division has participated in the Liaoshen Campaign, the Pingjin Campaign, the March into the Northwest, the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Vietnam, and the Counter-offensive in self-defense … It has played a great role in all previous campaigns. In peacetime, with the deepening of the modernization of the army, our division has gradually acquired the ability to fight independently under modern conditions, and the construction level of the army has been greatly improved.

　　Reporter: In recent years, the equipment construction of the army has developed rapidly, and some troops have updated their equipment. I would like to ask why your army should carry out information transformation on existing old equipment.

　　Guo Xiaodong: The officers and men of the army are no strangers to the information transformation of equipment. As early as more than ten years ago, the army began to build a digital unit. Although the digital construction at that time was different from the current information construction, it was a step towards information construction. In addition, our army has always had a good tradition, that is, we have a team devoted to technological innovation. At the end of last century, we also set up an innovation office. In the army, from the military leader to a technician, the enthusiasm for innovation has never stopped.

　　Entering the new century and new stage, with the continuous improvement of the informatization construction of the army, we feel that the sense of crisis we are facing is getting stronger and stronger. The main battle equipment of our division has certain capabilities of rapid maneuvering, fire attack and protection, but the command and communication system does not have the functions of data transmission and command automation, which is far from meeting the needs of future operations. If you don’t catch up, you may be eliminated by the information battlefield. The Standing Committee of the Division has made a profound reflection that the possession of advanced weapons is in an advantageous position in military reform, but it may not necessarily become the "leader" of the reform. Those with backward weapons and equipment can do the same in the process of change. In the face of the rising tide of informatization, we will lose development opportunities if we wait for it. Only by focusing on the gap of modernization level, relying on the spirit of seeking truth from facts scientifically and being brave in exploration, facing difficulties with a sense of urgency and taking the initiative to participate in informatization transformation can we make a difference.

　　Reporter: The traditional indicators to measure the performance of tanks are firepower, protection and maneuverability, but now they are judged by the level of intelligence and the ability to obtain and use information. The current equipment of your army is not the latest and most advanced, so how do you build information based on the existing equipment to further adapt the army to the needs of current and future wars?

　　Guo Xiaodong: The information embedded transformation carried out by our division. With the guidance and help of nearly 100 military experts from more than 20 scientific research institutes, officers and men of the whole division summed up a new mode of modified military combat training, technical support and logistics supply. On the basis of keeping the old equipment with strong firepower, fast maneuverability and good armor protection, they successfully "embedded" information technology into the old equipment, which made our old equipment glow with new vitality.

　　Reporter: In the process of information transformation, what policies does the army implement on talent construction?

　　Guo Xiaodong: We adopt the method of multi-channel introduction and open training, accelerate the pace of information-based talent team construction, and build a "talent chain" with information standards. As the leader of the army, I am not worried about whether the information transformation can be realized technically. According to our military needs, the existing technology can be completely solved. What worries us more is that we can’t master informatization with informatization. In the process of equipment transformation, some units have experienced an embarrassing process of expecting new equipment without new equipment and being afraid of new equipment with new equipment. This is because the time of equipment transformation can be determined, but people have to understand that the road to familiarity with equipment is too long, which is out of sync. Before the equipment information transformation, we began to study our military needs and began the training process of talents. In a sense, it can be said that our training of talents is ahead of the equipment transformation.

　　-enter the factory. Manufacturers produce all parts as required, and our officers and men participate in every link, including the production of each part and the design of software.

　　-participate in the installation. When integrating and embedding, we will choose some officers and non-commissioned officers who work in the front line with high cultural level, good knowledge structure and good foundation, and know how to command and equip. Including how these things are welded, where they are welded, where the next interface is, and how to connect them, we all have to participate in figuring out. Every officer and soldier carries a small notebook with him, which is recorded in detail from the connection of each thread, the function of each component and how to maintain it. After a modification task is completed, a maintenance regulation is also issued.

　　-invite experts to teach. We invited professionals from scientific research institutes and manufacturers to give lectures at different levels and in different specialties, to talk about theory and practical operation, and to introduce a certain transformation technology, how to embed it, how to maintain it, and so on.

　　It is precisely because we participate in the process of information transformation that we know what informatization is and how close it is to us, so that everyone will actively grasp and understand informatization. Nowadays, officers and men have stepped up their study of new information knowledge and skills. In the past, the backbone of mechanical repair, such as wrenching and opening machine tools, has now picked up books on automation control and computer applications, as well as keyboards and mice.

　　In the process of equipment transformation for more than a year, more than 1,600 officers and men of the whole division directly participated in the information transformation, and the information quality of officers and men was improved and became an indispensable backbone. At present, the number of technicians hired outside the division has been reduced by two-thirds.

　　At present, 70% of the officers in the division have attained bachelor degree or above, and 50% of the non-commissioned officers have attained junior college degree or above. The quality of officers and men’s informatization ability has been improved, and the idea of informatization construction has been broadened. Not long ago, the "Three-year Information Construction Planning Plan" studied by the division, and the information experts who participated in the equipment transformation thought that the information construction idea of this plan was clear, the construction goal was feasible, and the measures were scientific and reasonable.

　　Reporter: What is the effect after this transformation?

　　Guo Xiaodong: Through the joint efforts of the army, the headquarters, scientific research units and manufacturers for more than two years, the hardware integration transformation of our division has been completed according to the original design requirements and basically taken shape. The existing equipment has the combat function under the condition of informationization. The General Armament Department evaluates that it is of great significance to carry out the information transformation construction of armored divisions, fully tap the potential of existing equipment, pay attention to economy and practicality, and provide technical support and equipment construction experience for the equipment transformation of the general army.

　　Reporter: What do you think is the significance of this information transformation and what role will it play in the future information construction of the army?

　　Guo Xiaodong: I think, mainly from two aspects, from the internal point of view, there are mainly the following two aspects: 1. For our own troops, the goal of our primary informatization construction has been realized, and the troops have taken steps on the road from mechanization to informatization construction; 2, the transformation of the troops, from officials to soldiers on a very vivid and very educational information education class. The officers and men get a qualitative leap in concept and thought, at least it is the beginning of a qualitative leap, and its significance is far greater than the significance of information transformation of weapons and equipment.

　　Externally speaking: 1. It explores a way for 70% of our army’s old equipment to carry out information construction, and provides a reference for everyone’s confidence, goals and methods. 2. It provides new enlightenment: how to train and fight the reformed troops, and how to explore ways in the future. 3. A single seed leads to many achievements. With the higher scientific and technological content of weapons and equipment, the difficulty of support is gradually increasing. This has promoted the study of a series of problems. If there was no task of safeguarding the positioning system before, but now it is equipped, you should master the knowledge of using the system to safeguard and maintain it.

　　Reporter: What do you think of the information transformation and information technology innovation of existing equipment?

　　Guo Xiaodong: Everything in the training of the army is based on actual combat, and the actual combat drills are strictly carried out according to the operational requirements under the conditions of informationization.

　　Innovation has not failed, even if we have failed, but we have provided an effective reference for others to succeed in the future. Only through continuous practice can we better find problems, improve the system, and make the information construction of the army develop continuously.

　　Judging from the situation of our teacher, in fact, from the information transformation to the construction is the embodiment of Scientific Outlook on Development. According to the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development, scientific construction and development. Push the army building to a higher level.

　　Reporter: what is the next work plan of the army after the equipment informatization transformation?

　　Guo Xiaodong: At present, our detection is carried out statically, and there is no complicated electromagnetic environment. The next step is how to move, and what will happen if a strong electromagnetic environment or even a complicated electromagnetic environment is added? This needs to be tested by practice. In the future, we must further strengthen the training of mastering and using the system, and truly achieve man-machine cooperation.

Editor: Cao Jin

　　CCTV News:According to the website of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, recently, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, together with the Development and Reform Commission and other five ministries and commissions, issued the Notice on jointly cleaning up and rectifying recycling industries such as dismantling electronic waste, waste tires, waste plastics, waste clothes and waste household appliances. Qiu Qiwen, Director of the Soil Environment Management Department of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, answered a reporter’s question on the background, main objectives and tasks of the clean-up and rectification.

　　Q: What is the background for six departments including the Ministry of Environmental Protection to jointly clean up and rectify recycling industries such as electronic waste, waste tires, waste plastics, waste clothes and waste household appliances?

　　A:In recent years, the environmental law enforcement inspection found that many solid waste recycling enterprises are small in scale, with low pollution control level, and the pollution control facilities are not operating normally, and other environmental violations are prominent. In some places, the recycling and processing enterprises of renewable resources are neglected, and even foreign garbage is allowed to enter the country for illegal processing and utilization. Many solid waste distribution centers have become hiding places for foreign garbage, with serious environmental pollution and strong public reaction, posing a threat to China’s ecological environment safety and people’s health.

　　In order to fully implement the "Implementation Plan on Prohibiting the Entry of Foreign Wastes and Promoting the Reform of the Management System for the Import of Solid Wastes", strengthen coordination among departments, and give full play to the overall regulatory efforts, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, together with the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Commerce, and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, carried out a five-month nationwide clean-up and rectification of recycling industries such as electronic waste, waste tires, waste plastics, waste clothes, and waste household appliances, and comprehensively rectified solid waste distribution centers. Eliminate foreign garbage hiding places, improve the management level and law enforcement level of solid waste recycling industry, promote the formation of green development mode and lifestyle, effectively improve environmental quality, safeguard ecological environment safety and people’s health.

　　Q: What is the main goal of this clean-up and rectification?

　　A:In accordance with the principle of "banning a batch according to law, focusing on rectifying a batch, and standardizing and guiding a batch", the main objectives of this clean-up and rectification are as follows: First, adhere to the problem orientation, urge local governments to clean up and rectify the recycling of electronic waste, waste tires, waste plastics, waste clothes, and waste household appliances, and crack down on illegal activities to improve the management level of the recycling industry; Second, strengthen environmental law enforcement, ban a number of illegal processing and utilization small workshops, "scattered pollution" enterprises and distribution centers that are seriously polluted and strongly reflected by the masses, and enhance the people’s sense of gain; The third is to standardize the green development of enterprises, guide relevant enterprises to adopt advanced and applicable processing technologies, gather and develop, and focus on the construction and operation of pollution control facilities to prevent soil and groundwater pollution.

　　Q: What are the main tasks of this clean-up and rectification?

　　A:This clean-up and rectification mainly completes the following three tasks:

　　One isA number of illegal recycling enterprises with serious pollution are banned according to law. Focus on investigating unlicensed small workshops that are mixed with residential areas and seriously affect the normal living environment of residents; Illegal enterprises without environmental protection approval procedures and industrial and commercial registration; Enterprises that do not conform to the national industrial policy; Enterprises whose pollution control facilities are not operating normally and cannot meet the discharge standards stably; Enterprises that process and utilize "foreign garbage"; Enterprises engaged in the processing and utilization of electronic waste and waste plastics containing toxic and harmful substances without hazardous waste business license. Investigate and deal with the illegal acts of the above-mentioned enterprises according to law, and report to the local people’s government to shut down the illegal enterprises according to law.

　　The second isFocus on rectifying processing and utilization distribution centers. Focus on the examination and approval and implementation of environmental impact assessment of distribution center planning, and the construction and operation of environmental protection infrastructure. Resolutely ban distribution centers mixed with residential areas in administrative villages or urban-rural fringe areas, as well as distribution centers with backward environmental protection infrastructure, serious pollution and strong public response. Cooperate with the local people’s government to do a good job in comprehensive improvement of distribution centers, industrial transformation and development, employment and resettlement of personnel, and maintaining social stability.

　　The third isStandardize and guide the healthy development of recycling enterprises. Improve the recycling infrastructure of renewable resources, promote relevant enterprises to adopt advanced and applicable processing technologies, gather and develop, and focus on the construction and operation of pollution control facilities; Promote the park, scale and clean development of domestic waste recycling enterprises; Encourage legal and compliant recycling enterprises to unite and reorganize, become bigger and stronger, and guide enterprises to develop green and healthy.

　　Q: What impact will this clean-up and rectification have on China’s renewable resources utilization industry?

　　A:Since the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", although China’s renewable resource recycling industry has made great progress, the construction of domestic solid waste recycling system still lags behind the development needs of solid waste processing and utilization industry. The processing and utilization enterprises of renewable resources are mostly "scattered, chaotic and polluted" enterprises, and the level of pollution control is low, and most of them even have no pollution control facilities, which seriously pollutes the local atmosphere, water and soil environment. Through this clean-up and rectification, backward and excess capacity will be eliminated, the transformation and upgrading of China’s solid waste recycling industrial structure will be accelerated, the infrastructure for recycling renewable resources will be improved, the development level of domestic solid waste recycling industry will be effectively improved, and strong support will be provided for building a beautiful China and building a well-off society in an all-round way.

　　Ram Rebel, as a representative of its series of off-road products, has been selling well overseas, with strong overall design, strong off-road performance and full high-strength off-road configuration. The target model is Toyota and the tremor version with optional off-road bags.

　　Tianjin Xiangruitong Automobile Trading Co., Ltd. specializes in American pickup trucks of various brands, and provides one-stop services such as overseas procurement, domestic retail, customized modification, etc. The whole process is handled transparently without any hidden additional fees.

　　Service hotline: 13034318716 Manager Ju (same as WeChat)

　　The design of the interior is very family-oriented, and the layout of various function buttons is exactly the same as that of the same brand’s horn and sports version. The electronic knob handle and the 12-storage vertical screen navigation screen are very scientific and technological.

　　Many card friends are unfamiliar with rebels. In fact, it is not a new model. It was introduced in China as early as 2017. Later, we stopped introducing it for various reasons. At present, the new model has arrived in the store. The rebel’s appearance is very domineering, and the huge logo shows its powerful performance. The design concept of Tyrannosaurus Rex is derived from it. The steel front sand guard and the 18-inch off-road wheel with the original off-road tires everywhere remind us that it was born for off-road.

　　At present, many design elements of the ceiling of American pickup trucks are from rebels. The price of more than 500 thousand is tens of thousands higher than that of the same configuration of smooth road province, and everyone thinks it is worth it.

　　Company name: Tianjin Xiangruitong Automobile Trading Co., Ltd.

　　Company Address: Floor 2, Pacific International Automobile City, Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone

　　Hotline: 13034318716 Manager Ju and WeChat

　　Disclaimer: The above car purchase preferential information is provided by the comprehensive dealers of this website, and the price fluctuates greatly due to market factors, which is only for car purchase reference; The distributor is responsible for its authenticity, accuracy and legality, and this website does not provide any guarantee or assume any legal responsibility.

　　　　HiFi has always been a hot topic, and many mobile phones released recently are also focusing on HiFi sound quality: those using ES9318 DAC+ two-in-one audio chip, those using AKM HiFi chip and equipped with HUAWEI histen sound effects, and those supporting Bluetooth aptX & aptX HD HD music transmission, etc., all prove that mobile phone audio has always existed in an important position in the industry. So what is HiFi? What are the technical indicators of HiFi? What are the types of common mobile phone HiFi chips and what are their performances? You will know after reading this article.

Mobile phone HiFi, hi, no, hi. After reading these, you can be considered into the pit.

　　　　The full name of HiFi is High Fidelity, which literally translates as "high fidelity". To put it bluntly, it is a playback sound that is highly similar to the original sound. Spreading digital music on the network often needs to be suppressed, and there will be lossy and lossless compression. What we often see is that MP3 is a kind of lossy compression, which will affect the sound quality. Playing music is to convert digital signals into analog signals, and then amplify the analog signals and transmit them to headphones or speakers. HiFi is to make the final music close to the sound that the producer wants you to hear after production, that is, the sound quality is good.

　　　　Of course, sound quality and sense of hearing are not the same concept. The reason why audio is a metaphysics is that the sense of hearing varies from person to person, so there are "golden ears" and "fungus", and headphones or stereos of audio terminals will have different output performances because of various differences. At the same time, things like dolby pro logic and SRS sound effects all create distortion to improve the sense of hearing. The mobile phone HiFi we are talking about here is more about what kind of audio output the mobile phone as the output front end can have.

What are the common technical indicators of HiFi?

　　　　For audio veterans, mobile phones as the front end are often dismissive, because there is an irreparable hardware gap between mobile phone HiFi and professional audio, which the author will mention later. But for ordinary consumers, a carefully designed mobile phone with audio system is enough as a toy for getting started with audio.

　　　　I believe that there are not a few users who listen to songs on their mobile phones, but not many people know about HiFi. Moreover, when they go to see professional audio evaluation, there are many technical indicators that they can’t understand, but those who know audio are unwilling to explain more. The common technical indicators of sound system are: frequency response, signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, distortion, transient, stereo separation, stereo balance, audio sampling and so on. Here the author explains it separately.

　　　　frequency response: The frequency range of audio equipment during playback and the relationship between signal amplitude and frequency (amplitude-frequency characteristics). The unit of amplitude is dB, and the unit of frequency is Hz. The frequency response of the sound system should reach at least 32-18000Hz, and the signal amplitude change should be less than 2dB within this frequency range.

　　　　SNR: Logarithm of the ratio of useful signal to noise at the same reference point. At the input point of the speaker, the signal-to-noise ratio is 70dB, and the noise of one meter away from the speaker is almost inaudible, and the HiFi system generally reaches above 110dB.

　　　　dynamic range: Logarithm of the ratio of the maximum undistorted output power of audio equipment to the static system noise output power. HiFi system generally reaches more than 100dB.

　　　　degree of distortion: The degree of distortion of sound source signal when audio equipment plays back. The distortion of audio power amplifier can be divided into two categories: electrical distortion and acoustic distortion. The electrical distortion is caused by the circuit, and the acoustic distortion is caused by the speaker of the sound reproduction device. The types of electrical distortion are harmonic distortion, intermodulation distortion and transient distortion. Acoustic distortion is mainly AC interface distortion. The harmonic distortion of HiFi system is generally less than 1%.

　　　　stereo isolation: the separation degree of the left and right channels. Reflect the crosstalk degree of the left and right channels.

　　　　Stereo balance: The difference between the signal gains of the left and right channels.

　　　　transient stateRefers to those short and explosive sounds in music (especially percussion), which are usually difficult to reproduce accurately. Represents a physical quantity or phenomenon that changes between two adjacent stable States, and its change time is less than the time scale of concern.

　　　　Audio samplingDigital audio system reproduces the original sound by converting the sound wave into a series of binary data. The equipment used to realize this step is analog/digital (A/D), which samples the sound wave at the rate of tens of thousands of times per second, and each sampling records the state of the original analog sound wave at a certain moment, which is called a sample. A string of samples can be connected to describe a sound wave, and the number of samples per second is called sampling frequency or yield, and the unit is HZ (hertz). The higher the sampling frequency, the higher the acoustic frequency can be described.

Some audio chip parameters (picture quoted from love machine)

　　　　Signal-to-noise ratio, stereo separation and stereo balance can be distinguished by human ears, and other indicators need to be compared by multi-system comparison. Knowing this, it is not so difficult to understand when we look at the technical parameters of those mobile phone audio chips.

What are the common evaluation elements of HiFi we are talking about?

　　　　When watching audio evaluation, it is often confusing for beginners, because they don’t know what those evaluation elements mean. Although it is only a piece of music, there are many doorways. So here, the author selects three common evaluation factors to explain: sound resolution, frequency band and sound stage.

Sound resolving power

　　　　Analytic power intuitively means the clarity of sound and the expressive ability of detailed information. For example, this is like the resolution of a display screen. The higher the resolution, the clearer the picture, and the same is true for audio equipment. However, there is no clear quantitative index to measure it, so we can only rely on the human ear for subjective evaluation.

The higher the resolution, the more details we can "see" (picture from bilibili)

　　　　The analytical power of equipment has a comprehensive influence on human ears, including the cleanliness of the sound floor, the performance of overtones, the saturation of timbre, the clarity of sound image form, the texture of sound, etc. Simply put, it is "the ability to analyze musical details without losing information". HiFi is mostly exposed to the analytical power of earphone units. The resolving power of earphone unit is mainly related to the material, thickness and coil technology of diaphragm, which requires high technology and is a large part of the investment in R&D by manufacturers, thus directly determining the R&D and production cost of the unit.

　　　　In addition to the clarity of sound and the amount of detailed information, the benefits brought by high resolution are obvious separation of human voices and musical instruments. The so-called degree of separation is the layering of music. The better the layering, the easier it is for us to distinguish between human voices and background music, and the voices with low degree of separation will be mixed with instrumental sounds.

　　　　Of course, the degree of separation can be adjusted to a certain extent, such as reducing low frequencies and highlighting middle and high frequencies, so that the details will be clear, but the problem is that the amount of information in low frequencies is reduced, and then the music will appear thin.

　　　　But too high resolution will also bring problems, that is, distortion. Generally, earphones with higher price will have higher resolution, but the resolution will be seriously distorted simply by improving the sensitivity of the unit diaphragm to current, so the resolution of low-resistance earphones will not be set too high, because the front-end (power amplifier circuit) has limited control power, and strong resolution will bring greater dynamic distortion, which is why high-end earphones are mostly high impedance.

Sennheiser HD650 with 300 ohm impedance

　　　　However, the portable mobile phone HiFi has the problem of insufficient thrust. The larger the impedance, the smaller the sensitivity, and the harder it is to push the earphone. Therefore, it is not a wise choice to buy high-impedance high-end headphones only by looking at the price. The most serious consequence of insufficient thrust is that the music is poor in dynamics, and all the detailed sounds heard at the same time will be displayed in one plane, with no ups and downs in sound, no contrast in vocal instruments, lack of emotion, and the image is just like boiled water, which is seriously distorted. In a high resolution system, besides the unit quality, the control ability of the front-end system is particularly important.

frequency band

　　　　The so-called capacity distribution of high, medium and low frequency bands refers to the quantity of each frequency band within the frequency range that the equipment can emit. Some equipment has more high-frequency bands, some have a strong sense of low frequency, and some middle-frequency bands are particularly full of voices, but the amount of high and low segments is not so much.

　　　　The requirements of high frequency for each kind of listening and everyone’s listening habits are different. For music, it is not sharp to go up to the frequency band reached by music itself, that is to say, it can be said to be excellent if it is not stuffy and lubricated; It is very difficult to connect the intermediate frequency with the high frequency and low frequency. Almost all earphones can’t perfectly interpret the thick bass and thin soprano, and at the same time perfectly interpret the characteristics of each musical instrument. Low frequency is the most difficult frequency band to do, and it is not easy to do well in dive, elasticity and overtone during playback, so high-end headphones and earplugs are all working hard in this respect.

　　　　There is no absolute difference between the quantity sense of each frequency band and the quality sense. What is important is to achieve a balance after the overall collocation. The control of each frequency band tests the ability of audio equipment, such as whether the low frequency is loose or tight, whether the high frequency is lubricated or sharp, and so on.

Sound stage

　　　　Sound stage is the range in which the sound emitted by two speakers can be condensed and formed. Usually, if the two speakers are properly positioned (including the distance from the back wall and side wall, the height of the speakers and the angle of tilting inward, etc.), a concrete sound stage will emerge. You can even "see" the positions and distances of various vocal instruments and voices behind the speakers. To put it bluntly, it is an immersive listening experience.

Sound stage’s feelings have a lot to do with the sound layout (picture quoted from Baidu Encyclopedia)

　　　　Theoretically speaking, the reason why human ears can feel the sound field is because of the loudness difference and time difference between the left and right ears. The louder the sound channel is, the closer it is to the human ear. The loudness difference between the left and right ears enables the human ear to identify the sound source. At the same time, the delay of sound (residual sound) further enhances the three-dimensional sense of sound.

　　　　But it is not easy to form a good sound stage. Because the human ear is sensitive to different frequencies, not all frequencies can distinguish the distance and orientation, and about 7kHz is the most sensitive, while the extremely high frequency and extremely low frequency sounds have no directivity or very weak directivity. Relatively speaking, low-frequency directivity is worse, and low-frequency delay is a key quality for field experience.

　　　　In addition to the field sense of sound range (width and depth), the image cohesion is also a major index to evaluate sound stage. The shape, three-dimensional degree and sense of distance of the sound are the concrete manifestations of the cohesive force. The image is to see the performance site through the sense of hearing. Different musical instruments or vocals have different positions, sizes and characteristics. What is included in the fundus is a collection of all musical instruments and vocals, but they exist alone. You can see the individual characteristics of each of them or musical instruments.

Sound stage’s excellent knot is like being at a concert (picture quoted from Southern Metropolis Daily)

　　　　The requirement of image-forming power on audio system is relatively high, which is not only related to the hardware quality and sound quality adjustment of the front end, but also the image-forming power displayed by different headphones is very different. High-performance equipment combined with optimized adjustment can show excellent presence, but for HiFi, which is only an additional function, it is a very severe test, whether from hardware support or adjustment.

　　　　Of course, in addition to these three common evaluation indicators, there are many directions for evaluating audio, such as the proportion of musical instruments and the overall balance, but after understanding the above three evaluation factors, we can understand most of the audio evaluation.

What are the code names of HiFi? What are the reasons that restrict mobile phone HiFi?

HiFi system of Xiaomi Note

　　　　When we look at manufacturers’ promotion of HiFi selling points, there are always words such as DAC, ADC and operational amplifier. But for audio white, it is often confused. Here’s a brief introduction to common terms and expressions: ADC, SRC, DAC, and operational amplifier.

Texas Instruments 51AP8LI ADC3001 audio conversion chip (picture quoted from love machine)

　　　　ADC stands for analog-to-digital signal coding chip.This device is rare in the promotion of mobile phone HiFi, and it is mainly used for audio input.

Independent double clock crystal oscillator

　　　　The sampling rate of CD is 16bit, 44.1K, and there are other sampling rates such as 48k, 96K and 192K. However, in the later processing, only one type can be processed, so a conversion is needed, and this conversion process is called SRC.This process can easily deteriorate the sound quality. Need special attention, this is a key point for smart phones to do HIFI. Such transcoding chips (such as CS8422) are expensive. At this time, an independent dual-clock crystal oscillator appears, which perfectly solves this problem: one corresponds to 44.1K, the other corresponds to 48K and its integer multiples, and what crystal oscillator is used for music in any format, which solves the SRC problem at low cost.

ES9018K2M　DAC

　　　　DAC is a relatively common component, representing a digital-to-analog signal decoding chip, and is a device for converting digital format audio files stored in mobile phones into analog signals.This is the independent audio chip that most mobile phone manufacturers promote, such as ES9018 K2M of Meizu PRO6 Plus. The quality of DAC often represents some quality parameters of the front end, such as dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, distortion and so on.

"539Y5P" is the AD45257 operational amplifier chip.

　　　　DAC completes analog signal conversion, but the output analog signal is very weak, and then the operational amplifier starts to operate.The full name of operational amplifier is operational amplifier. In the field of multimedia speakers, the operational amplifier chip is mainly responsible for the adjustment of volume, tone and peripheral effects., for example, integrated operational amplifiers are used in the front stage of audio and headphone amplifiers (amplifiers). For example, the common OPA1612 and OPA2604 are operational amplifier chips, and multiple operational amplifier chips can be integrated in one amp.

　　　　At present, most of the audio chips used in HiFi mobile phones on the market come from AKM and ESS. Here are some typical examples:

AK4490EN chip

　　　　AK4490EN is an ideal audio chip for mobile devices, which supports 32-bit/768 kHz source code output and high-specification 11.2MHz DSD files. Represents action.

ES9018K2M chip

　　　　The ES9018K2M chip has a dynamic range of 127dB, which can fully display the details of music. The ultra-low distortion of -120dB THD+N can better restore the essence of music.

　　　　Equipped with ES9038Q2M and three OPA1622 operational amplifiers, it has a dynamic range of 129dB and a distortion of -120dB, and supports DSD hardware decoding.

ACS43L36 decoding and ear amplifier integrated chip

　　　　Of course, in addition to these two chips, CirrusLogic decoding and amp integrated chip CS43L36 has also appeared on Meizu’s PRO 6, and basically all the audio parts involved in PRO 6 are controlled by it.

　　　　Although HiFi mobile phone is equipped with professional audio chip, it has a certain gap with high-quality walkman in terms of resolution, dynamic response and thrust. The reason is that the power supply scale, decoding chip specifications and the number of operational amplifiers are not as good as the latter. For example, the ES9018K2M mentioned just now is actually a scaled-down version of ES9018, which is a low-power version specially customized for mobile devices. The former is dual-channel and the latter is 8-channel. Whether it is dynamic range or signal-to-noise ratio, ES9018 is far better than ES9018K2M. The main reason why enthusiasts don’t want to use mobile phones to listen to high-quality headphones is because of the thrust of mobile phones on headphones, and they can’t give full play to good headphones.

In which direction will HiFi develop?

　　　　At present, limited by the circuit structure and power supply of mobile phones, there is still a long way to go to equalize the sound quality of professional equipment. Of course, we do not rule out the possibility of improving the battery technology of mobile phones, further optimizing the circuit design, and further controlling the heat and power consumption by high-quality audio chips, but it will be difficult to achieve it for a while.

It is also beneficial to integrate the decoding operational amplifier into the earphone.

　　　　In addition, mobile phones are gradually developing towards thinness, and the contradiction between battery capacity and chip power consumption is increasingly prominent, and there are signs of canceling the 3.5mm headphone jack in a large area. The most typical is the series of mobile phones. The 3.5mm earphone interface is cancelled, and the Lightning data interface can only output digital signals, and the decoding and operational amplifier will be integrated into the earphone. Although the high-end audio circuit can be used without signal interference compared with mobile phones to further reduce the noise floor, the power consumption of headphones is serious, and the high-integration decoding and operational amplifier will damage the sound quality output to some extent, and unreasonable circuit design will also produce certain noise floor.

Active noise reduction principle

　　　　Fortunately, there are still many remedies for mobile phone HiFi. For example, better audio technology is adopted at the earphone end. For example, 1MORE’s Tiinlab A2 exclusive active noise reduction chip can adjust the frequency band for noise reduction with broadband EQ as a supplement, and at the same time, it has a very good adaptability, such as Lightning and USB Type C digital interface. Thanks to the self-planned Tiinlab A2 exclusive active noise reduction chip, 1MORE full-time noise reduction technology achieves a perfect balance between noise reduction effect and sound quality. Tiinlab A2 is in the range of 50-2000Hz, which has covered most business and life frequency bands, which is wider than the frequency band where most noise-reducing headphones are only concentrated within 1000Hz, but at the same time, the noise reduction depth is controlled, and the inhalation feeling will not be too strong.

　Intelligent sonar earphone

　　　　Another interesting thing is HTC’s HTC USonic smart sonar headset. This earphone uses sonar to sense the cochlear structure, feeds back the signal to the mobile phone, makes custom adjustment according to the specific shape of each ear, and then outputs lossless timbre through USB-C interface, providing a good audio experience.

MDR-XB950BT Bluetooth Headset

　　　　At the beginning of this article, we mentioned that one plus five supports aptX & aptX HD HD music transmission. Undoubtedly, wireless Bluetooth will also be one of the solutions for future mobile phone HiFi. At present, the main quality standards of Bluetooth audio coding are SBC, AAC, aptX and LDAC from low to high. SBC has the best compatibility and the worst sound quality. AAC is relatively better. If the mobile phone plays AAC audio files, then using AAC Bluetooth coding transmission can save a coding conversion step, and the sound quality is more fidelity, but the gap is not small. AptX is a higher Bluetooth audio coding, and aptX-HD can achieve near lossless sound quality. LDAC is a Bluetooth audio coding promoted by Sony, which can achieve -Res lossless audio transmission and has the best sound quality. However, apart from Sony’s own equipment, there are not many supporting this coding at present, but it is the future development direction.

Write it at the end

　　　　After reading the above contents, I believe everyone has a certain understanding of audio and mobile phone HiFi. Although these are only nine Niu Yi hairs in the audio industry, after understanding these, we can roughly understand what level of mobile phone HiFi is promoted by mobile phone manufacturers, and we can also have some basic knowledge support when choosing headphones. Of course, it should be kept in mind that even when purchasing headphones for HiFi mobile phones, you can’t just look at the price. After all, the thrust of mobile phones is limited, and different headphones have different styles. The right combination of front and rear ends is the best choice.

　　As the third Belt and Road International Cooperation Summit Forum was held in Beijing, China officially released the Global Initiative on Artificial Intelligence Governance (hereinafter referred to as the Initiative). The launch of the Initiative fully reflects China’s responsible attitude, leading spirit and mission under the guidance of the concepts of "Community of Human Destiny" and "Community of Cyberspace Destiny" of the Supreme Leader and Chairman, and in the face of a new wave of global scientific and technological revolution symbolized by artificial intelligence and other technologies. It is an important measure for China to conform to the development trend of network and informatization, respond to the demands of developing countries and respond to the calls of the international community for effective governance of new technologies in the process of cyberspace international governance.

　　Cyberspace is not a virtual space, but a projection and manifestation of the real world. Judging from the international situation, the relations between major powers, international order, regional security, social thoughts and global governance are undergoing profound adjustments. Coupled with the impact of a century-old epidemic, the world has entered a "great change that has never happened in a century." From the development process of global informatization, artificial intelligence, quantum technology, blockchain and other technologies have developed rapidly, and the outline of a new round of scientific and technological revolution has gradually become clear. The new technology with the characteristics of intelligence, digitalization, informationization and virtualization not only profoundly affects the domestic industrial form, lifestyle and social form of each country, but also brings about the comparative change of power between countries and intensifies national competition. The security and interests of the country, the operation of enterprises, and the human rights and privacy of citizens are all concentrated in cyberspace as never before, and the data flows endlessly. Multilateral parties in the international community, whether governments, enterprises, communities or people, are looking forward to the gradual establishment of the cyberspace once known as the "wild west", forming a code of conduct and realizing global governance.

　　Artificial intelligence is not a castle in the air, but a simulation and extension of human brain thinking mode. It is regarded as one of the landmark technologies of this round of scientific and technological revolution, and has accelerated its development in recent years, showing new features such as deep learning, cross-border integration, man-machine collaboration, open intelligence and independent control. In daily life, people have applied artificial intelligence technology in all aspects, such as personalized recommendation system for online shopping, face recognition, artificial intelligence medical image recognition, artificial intelligence navigation, intelligent writing assistant and voice assistant, etc., and its various applications are as bright as the sea of stars. However, concerns about its safety and risks are unprecedented. People from all walks of life are generally worried that its risks and threats will not only lead to legal and ethical risks, but also lead to security threats in major fields such as society, economy and military affairs. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "New technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality are changing with each passing day, and the combination of virtual economy and real economy will bring revolutionary changes to people’s production methods and lifestyles. This change will not happen overnight, nor will it be smooth sailing. It needs the joint efforts of all countries to fully amplify and accelerate its positive effects while minimizing possible negative effects. " The Chairman of the Supreme Leader advocates that China supports strengthening dialogue around artificial intelligence, and proposes to hold a special meeting in due course to promote the implementation of the principles of the G-20 artificial intelligence and lead the healthy development of global artificial intelligence. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader further pointed out that,"Technology is a sharp weapon for development, and it may also become the source of risks. It is necessary to look forward to the rule conflicts, social risks and ethical challenges brought about by the development of science and technology." A series of instructions from the Supreme Leader General Secretary pointed out the direction for China to participate in and lead the global artificial intelligence governance process.

　　In recent years, the international community has put forward some important initiatives to promote the healthy development of artificial intelligence. In 2019, UNESCO issued the Proposal on Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence, calling on governments, enterprises, social organizations and individuals of all countries to actively consider the ethical issues of artificial intelligence in the research and development, application and governance of artificial intelligence technology, and promote the global dissemination and implementation of ethical principles of artificial intelligence. G20 Group emphasized the ethical and social responsibility of artificial intelligence in the G20 Principles of Artificial Intelligence released in 2019, and encouraged countries to take ethical and responsible measures in the research, development, application and governance of artificial intelligence technology, and strengthen global governance cooperation to jointly promote the healthy development of artificial intelligence. In 2018, the European Commission put forward the Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence, which emphasized that the application of artificial intelligence must conform to human values and ethical principles, and suggested taking measures to strengthen the supervision and transparency of artificial intelligence and promote the sustainable development of artificial intelligence technology. Some non-governmental organizations have also put forward ethical norms and norms of artificial intelligence, emphasizing that artificial intelligence technology should serve human welfare rather than replace human beings, and promote the inclusiveness and sustainability of artificial intelligence technology. Generally speaking, the international community has realized the impact and challenges of artificial intelligence technology on society and human beings, so it advocates governments, enterprises and social organizations to actively think about the ethical and social responsibilities of artificial intelligence and take measures that meet ethical requirements to promote the healthy development of artificial intelligence technology.

　　There are similarities, emphases and differences in the artificial intelligence governance concepts of multilateral parties in the international community. China’s mission in this era is how to implement the instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, conform to the development trend of global technology and industrial revolution, give consideration to the two major tasks of safety and development, seek common ground while reserving differences with all parties in the world based on his own governance practice, form an attractive Chinese plan, contribute to the international governance of artificial intelligence, and create a good internal and external environment for international cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence.

　　In September 2021, the National Professional Committee for the Governance of New Generation Artificial Intelligence issued the "Ethical Code of New Generation Artificial Intelligence"; In December 2021, China issued the "Position Paper on Standardizing Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence"; On November 16th, 2022, China submitted China’s Position Paper on Strengthening the Ethical Governance of Artificial Intelligence to the United Nations General Assembly. China put forward the concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable global security in regulating artificial intelligence, and advocated all countries to actively seek consensus and practice the concept of building a community of human destiny in the field of artificial intelligence. These concepts, principles, and documents have made an attempt to solve the problem of artificial intelligence governance. The "Initiative" launched by China this time not only embodies these ideas, principles and documents, but also absorbs the outstanding achievements of multilateral parties in the international community, including developing countries, in the field of artificial intelligence governance in recent years.

　　In the introduction at the beginning, the Initiative highly affirmed the rapid development, far-reaching influence and great opportunities brought to the world by artificial intelligence technology. At the same time, it also points out all kinds of risk challenges brought by this technology, and puts the key and significant issue of artificial intelligence governance related to the fate of all mankind in front of the world. The introduction puts forward the security concept, principles and mechanisms that all countries should uphold in the process of artificial intelligence governance, and highlights China’s consistent cooperative position in cyberspace, as well as the idea of promoting artificial intelligence governance together with various actors in cyberspace with an open attitude. Based on the technical attributes of artificial intelligence, China put forward development suggestions to continuously improve the safety, reliability, controllability and fairness of artificial intelligence technology.

　　The contents of the "Initiative" total eleven articles, which comprehensively, systematically and scientifically expounded China’s position and proposition from three levels: security, development and governance. These clauses not only respond to the general concerns and concerns of the international community, especially the developing countries, but also show China’s profound understanding of artificial intelligence governance. The first article of the Initiative puts forward that the development of artificial intelligence should adhere to the concept of "people-oriented", which is intended to warn that the development of technology cannot deviate from the direction of human civilization and progress. Article 2 proposes that when providing artificial intelligence products and services to other countries, we should respect the sovereignty of other countries, strictly abide by the laws of other countries, and oppose the use of artificial intelligence technology to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs, which fully takes into account the demands of developing countries that the development of artificial intelligence technology will pose a threat to their national security and sovereignty. For example, some countries have been worried that artificial intelligence technology will be used for military purposes, thus posing a threat to international peace and stability; In addition, some countries worry that artificial intelligence technology will be used to manipulate elections, disrupt financial markets and create social divisions, which will have a negative impact on social stability. The third article puts forward that the development of artificial intelligence should adhere to the purpose of "intelligence is good", which is not only a supplement to the last article, but also the common wish of many artificial intelligence developers and practitioners. Article 4 puts forward that all countries have the equal right to develop and use artificial intelligence, aiming at avoiding and eliminating the new digital divide caused by artificial intelligence.Oppose countries with corresponding technological advantages to use artificial intelligence to suppress, contain and block the development of artificial intelligence in other countries, and block and interfere with the development of artificial intelligence in the world. In the following items, the Initiative comprehensively shows that China is open and fair with the international community in the field of artificial intelligence governance from the aspects of testing and evaluating the risk level of artificial intelligence, establishing and improving relevant laws and regulations, adhering to the principles of fairness and non-discrimination, putting ethics first, actively developing the development and application of related technologies for artificial intelligence governance, and persisting in dialogue and cooperation, extensive participation, consensus and gradual progress, and promoting multi-stakeholders to form a broad consensus in the field of artificial intelligence governance.

　　At the end, the Initiative specifically calls for enhancing the representation and voice of developing countries in the global governance of artificial intelligence. Seeing this, and then connecting with the third "One Belt, One Road" international cooperation summit forum being held in Beijing, the vast number of developing countries gathered in Beijing, eager to catch the express train developed by China, hoping to hear the voice of China, including the hope that China will speak for the vast number of developing countries on the major issue of artificial intelligence governance in the current international community. China is an active promoter and practitioner of international governance of cyberspace. In 2015, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader put forward the concept of "building a community of destiny in cyberspace" for the first time in the second world internet conference, and deeply explained the "four principles" and "five propositions" of Internet development and governance, which attracted wide attention from the international community. Today, the launch of the Initiative once again reflects China’s determination to implement the concept of "Building a Community of Cyberspace Destiny" by Chairman of the Supreme Leader, its image and mission as a responsible big country in cyberspace, and its unremitting efforts to practice fairness and justice in the process of international governance in cyberspace.

　　At present, there are three key words in the process of international governance of cyberspace, namely peace, security and development. In the field of artificial intelligence governance, the three themes have not changed fundamentally: first, the basic principles of artificial intelligence governance concept are the common values of equality, fairness and justice, sharing and governance, or the jungle law of the jungle; The second is the basic attitude towards artificial intelligence governance, whether it is laissez-faire or legal supervision on the basis of respecting the network sovereignty of various countries; The third is the basic position on artificial intelligence governance, whether it is used as a means to benefit mankind and maintain peace and stability, or as a deterrent, preemptive, or even as a tool to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs, create conflicts or even wage war. The development of artificial intelligence technology has aggravated the complexity of human security. In this new field, competition between countries is intensifying, government governance is being impacted, and social structure has undergone tremendous changes. How to deal with it, the international community needs new wisdom, new thinking and new paths.

　　Let the light of reason and wisdom light up the starry sea of artificial intelligence. It is predicted that in the future, China will continue to unite all multilateral parties in the international community, especially the developing countries, and continue to launch the best practice cases and specific road maps for artificial intelligence governance around the concept of "building a community of cyberspace destiny" with the launch of this Initiative as a new starting point. This is not only the mission of China, but also the demand of developing countries, a concrete action to follow the law of cyberspace development, and an inevitable choice for human beings to meet the era of artificial intelligence.

　　(Zhang Li, researcher, China Institute of Contemporary International Relations)

　WeChat official account News of CBN WeChat, the critical moment of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control, a paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine, pushed the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (hereinafter referred to as "China CDC") to the forefront.

The reason is that, according to this paper, research shows that interpersonal communication has occurred between close contacts since mid-December 2019. In addition, from January 1 to January 11, a total of 7 medical staff were infected. But at this time, the public knew nothing about it.

Should scientists publish papers first or prevent them first? The focus of controversy comes from this. On the morning of January 31st, CBN reporter interviewed Gao Fu, a member of the National Health Commission high-level expert group and director of China CDC. He is the co-author of the above paper.

"This is a retrospective analysis! In mid-December, I still don’t know what the disease is, and the pathogen is unclear. It is the inference of investigating more than 400 cases of epidemiology! Onset’s days are all speculation, which everyone didn’t understand! Mix epidemiological investigation with clinical diagnosis. " Gao Fu told CBN.

Gao Fu also said that retrospective investigation is one of the responsibilities of CDC, to find the culprit, retrospective investigation, and guide future prevention and control. "Our prevention and control has never stopped, and everyone has not slept for a month."

This is a retrospective analysis.

This paper, published on January 29th, US time, was led by China CDC, including professionals from Hubei CDC and Hong Kong University. Correspondents of the study include Feng Zijian, deputy director of China CDC, and Yang Bo, director of Hubei CDC. Co-authors also include Gao Fu.

In this paper, the investigation team analyzed the reported 425 laboratory-confirmed cases as of January 22, 2020. Analysis shows that among the first 425 confirmed patients, the median age is 59 years old and the male is 56%. Most cases (55%) occurred before January 1, 2020 were related to the seafood wholesale market in South China, and the subsequent cases were 8.6%. The average incubation period was 5.2 days, and the 95th percentile of the distribution was 12.5 days. In the early stage, the scale of epidemic cases doubled every 7.4 days, the average continuous interval of infection was 7.5 days, and the number of basic infections (R0) was estimated to be 2.2.

According to this information, the paper said that there is evidence that interpersonal communication has occurred between close contacts since mid-December 2019.

This paper reveals more information about the epidemic situation in COVID-19, which has aroused widespread doubts.

On January 31st, China CDC published an article entitled "Notes of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention on Publishing Articles in the New England Journal of Medicine". The article stated that the paper was based on a retrospective analysis of 425 confirmed cases (including 15 medical staff) reported as of January 23rd, 2020, and all cases were published to the public before the paper was written. The 15 cases of medical staff infection mentioned in the paper were announced to the public by Academician Zhong Nanshan, the leader of the high-level expert group in National Health Commission, on the evening of January 20th and the Wuhan Health and Health Commission in the early morning of January 21st.

The viewpoint that "interpersonal communication occurred among close contacts in December 2019" put forward in this paper is a retrospective inference based on the epidemiological investigation data of 425 cases.

The article also said that publishing the survey results in academic journals in time will help professional colleagues at home and abroad to understand the characteristics of the disease in time, jointly evaluate and judge the epidemic situation, and improve the prevention and control strategies.

However, this article did not respond, when did China CDC come to the judgment that "interpersonal communication occurred among close contacts in December 2019".

For infectious epidemiology, retrospective study is indeed extremely important. Without retrospective study, it is impossible to understand the incidence of infectious diseases more clearly and then formulate prevention and control strategies for infectious diseases. Therefore, after the outbreak of an infectious disease and case diagnosis, epidemiological investigators will appear first.

An expert in epidemic virology also told reporters that retrospective research is the basic work of infectious diseases and must be carried out according to existing cases. Without cases, no one can observe what the development path of this virus is.

"In fact, the data of 425 cases is not enough to show the characteristics of the new virus. It can only explain the situation in the past and (425 cases) at that time. How to develop in the future needs to continue to be observed." The above-mentioned experts in epidemic virology said.

For example, China CDC stated that these cases were previously confirmed cases, and the research team used these public data to start a retrospective analysis.

How to carry out retrospective analysis?

According to this paper, the earliest cases in COVID-19 were identified through the surveillance mechanism of pneumonia with unknown etiology.

In order to identify pneumonia cases and strive to improve the sensitivity of early detection, the research team developed a tailor-made monitoring program to identify potential cases on January 3, 2020.

The initial working case definition for suspicious COVID-19 is based on the case definition of SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). After obtaining new information about confirmed cases, the epidemiological criteria for defining suspicious cases were updated on January 18, 2020.

Once suspicious cases are found, a joint team composed of China CDC, provincial CDC, local CDC and county CDC will be notified to carry out detailed on-site investigation and collect respiratory tract samples, which will be tested in the Center for Viral Disease Prevention and Control of China CDC.

A joint team composed of staff from China CDC and local CDC also conducted detailed field investigations on all suspected and confirmed cases. They collected epidemiological data through interviews with infected people, relatives, close contacts and medical staff, so as to determine the contact history of patients two weeks before onset, including the date, frequency, frequency and mode of contact with wild animals, especially the wild animals available in the South China Seafood Market in Wuhan. In addition, the researchers also collected information about exposure to any relevant environment and contact with others with similar symptoms.

All the epidemiological information collected in the survey, including contact history, timetable and the identity of close contacts, were cross-checked.

Through this path, the research team obtained the epidemiological information of 425 cases.

The basic infection number is about 2.2.

The importance of retrospective analysis of infectious diseases lies in seeing clearly the laws of infectious diseases, and only by seeing clearly the enemy can we make better prevention and control.

In addition to the above-mentioned questioned contents, what other noteworthy information does this paper reveal?

In this paper, the researchers estimate the growth rate of the epidemic by analyzing the data of cases between December 10, 2019 and January 4, 2020.

According to the paper, limited to the data before January 4th, it is estimated that the basic number of infections in COVID-19 is about 2.2, which means that each patient spreads the infection to 2.2 other people on average. As far as COVID-19 is concerned, the paper said that the control challenges include the obvious existence of many mild infections and the limited resources to isolate cases and close contacts.

However, due to the increased awareness of the epidemic situation and the increased availability and utilization rate of inspections in recent weeks, the confirmed infection rate will increase.

A chart used in this article shows that after January 11th, the number of cases decreased. However, the paper also said that it is probably due to the uncertainty of recent cases and the delay in identification and reporting, rather than the real turning point of incidence.

Considering that the availability and usage of test kits will increase with the passage of time, the paper said that extra care should be taken in explaining the growth rate of cases in January.

In short, the research results also show that in the early stage, the case size doubled every 7.4 days. The average continuous interval is 7.5 days.

The paper also reminds that the urgent next step includes determining the most effective control measures to reduce the spread within the community. With a better understanding of epidemiological characteristics and the dynamic mechanism of cases, it is also necessary to improve the definition of work cases. At the same time, it is also necessary to continue to monitor cases to find any changes in epidemiology, such as infections among young people or medical workers.

Original title: Gao Fu responded to the paper’s query: everyone didn’t understand, confusing the paper with clinical diagnosis.

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In less than a year, the "fastest US stock market listing" automobile brand is planning to withdraw from the NYSE and return to Geely. The news shook the whole circle.

On May 7th, Geely Automobile Holdings Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Geely Automobile") announced its plan to acquire all the issued shares of Extreme Krypton Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Extreme Krypton"). Geely Automobile currently holds about 65.7% of the shares of Krypton. If the transaction is completed, Geely Automobile and Krypton will be completely merged, and Krypton will be privatized and delisted on the New York Stock Exchange. As of the close of May 8, Beijing time, the share price of Krypton was $52.19, up by 11.51%, with a total market value of 6.403 billion yuan.

Since the listing of Krypton brand in the US stock market in 2024, the sales growth has been weak due to problems such as "left-handed and right-handed fighting", and the annual target has made slow progress. Li Shufu, chairman of Geely Holding Group, stressed on May 7 that it is necessary to "continuously promote the integration of automobile business and return to a Geely".

"Economic Account" and "Breakthrough War" or the logic behind the reorganization of Geely Group.

Screenshot of Geely Automobile Announcement.

Less than a year after listing, the annual target of Krypton is progressing slowly.

It has been less than a year since the listing of U.S. stocks.

Born on April 15, 2021, Krypton announced its plan to go public in October 2022. On May 10th, 2024, Krypton was officially listed on the New York Stock Exchange, raising about US$ 441 million (about RMB 3.18 billion), making it the "fastest US stock listing" brand of new energy vehicles.

It is worth mentioning that in the A round of financing in February 2023, the valuation of Krypton was as high as 13 billion US dollars. However, before the official listing, the valuation of Krypton issuance was about 5.13 billion US dollars, which was reduced by half.

According to Krypton’s plan, we should strive to turn losses into profits in 2024. The 2024 financial report released in March this year showed that the company’s total revenue in 2024 was 75.91 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 47%; The annual net loss was 5.79 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 30%. From 2021 to 2023, the net loss of Krypton was 4.514 billion yuan, 7.655 billion yuan and 8.264 billion yuan respectively.

Li Shufu mentioned on May 7 that "in the face of fierce market competition and increasingly complex economic environment, we will assess the situation".

On May 8, Geely Group responded to the Beijing News Shell Finance reporter, saying that the reason for Geely’s acquisition of Krypton is subject to the announcement issued by the Group.

In the announcement, Geely Automobile mentioned that this move "aims to promote the deep integration and efficient coordination of internal resources, eliminate repeated investment, reduce costs, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises and create long-term value."

It can’t be ignored that the sales volume of the brand is under pressure this year. According to the latest sales data of Extreme Krypton Technology Group, the sales volume of Extreme Krypton brand in April was 13,727 units, down nearly 15% year-on-year and 11% quarter-on-quarter.

The sales target for 2025 previously announced by the Extreme Krypton brand is 320,000 vehicles. In the first four months of this year, the cumulative sales volume of the Extreme Krypton Group was 55,000 vehicles. The time schedule has passed one third, but the sales progress is only 17.2%.

"Divide the troops and fight" has left and right hands fighting each other.

Behind the pressure of krypton sales, in addition to the great competitive pressure, the internal "dividing troops" is also the problem.

Krypton 001 is the flagship model of Krypton brand. In February, 2024, the 2024 Extreme Krypton 001 went on the market. In the first month, it was set to exceed 30,000 vehicles, and the monthly sales in June reached 14,000 vehicles, a record high. But then sales declined, and the myth of "selling one car in one minute" came to an abrupt end.

However, the competition from competing models has become increasingly fierce: the first model of Xiaomi Automobile, SU7, was launched in March 2024; The 2024 Zhijie S7 was released in April 2024; Tesla 3 high-performance version was officially sold from June 2024.

Therefore, in August 2024, the 2025 Kykrypton 001 was quickly listed, and the Mobileye chip used in 2024 was replaced by NVIDIA dual OrinX chip, which improved the computing power and the starting price was 259,000 yuan. However, some car owners have publicly pointed out that "the annual model is launched in half a year" and "the model of three years can be bought in the same year" leads to the rapid depreciation of the vehicle.

On September 20, 2024, the SUV model was launched with a starting price of 229,900 yuan. For a time, the voice of "Extreme Krypton 001 or Extreme Krypton 7X is more cost-effective" emerges endlessly, and both sides are regarded as competitors, and their left and right hands are fighting each other.

In the context of declining sales, recently, Extreme Krypton Technology Group announced internally that Lin Jie, vice president of the group and general manager of Linke Sales Company, was in charge of the overall work of domestic marketing service of Extreme Krypton brand. It is understood that Lin Jie has been the general manager of Link Sales Company since 2018, and became the vice president of Extreme Technology Group in February 2025.

Geely Reorganizes "Fighting Ecology"

In fact, since 2024, Geely Group has reorganized its business segments several times.

In October, 2024, Geometry brand was officially merged into Geely Galaxy. On February 14, 2025, the brand of Extreme Krypton and Link merged rapidly in just three months, and the Extreme Krypton Technology Group was announced.

An Conghui, president of Geely Holding Group and CEO of Extreme Krypton Technology Group, described the plan of integrating Extreme Krypton and Linke in an exclusive interview with the Beijing News Shell Finance reporter: Extreme Krypton Technology Group strives to build a world-leading high-end luxury new energy automobile group with annual production and sales of one million levels through two years’ efforts.

In March 2025, Yizhen brand was officially merged into Geely Galaxy. In addition, there are rumors that Geely Group wants to include Ruilan Automobile. However, on April 10th, Qianli Technology, the controlling shareholder of Ruilan Automobile, responded to an investor’s question and said that there is no plan to transfer the equity to Geely Automobile at present.

Wang Peng, an associate researcher at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, told the Shell Finance reporter of the Beijing News that car companies are all changing from "fighting for products" to "fighting for ecology". Behind the repeated restructuring of Geely Group, "economic account" and "breakthrough war" are two key words.

In terms of "economic account", Extreme Krypton Technology Group publicly stated that after the merger of Extreme Krypton and Lectra, the new group company expects to save 10%-20% in R&D investment, and the R&D expense ratio is expected to drop from 11% to 6%. At the same time, with the support of large manufacturing system, the cost of bill of materials is saved by 5%-8% and the manufacturing is saved by 3%-5%. Among them, the management fee will be saved by 10%-20%, and the management fee rate is expected to be reduced from 11% to 8%.

In fact, on September 1, 2024, Geely mentioned in the Taizhou Declaration that conflicts of interest and repeated investment should be reduced. The reason why Geely Automobile mentioned the acquisition of Krypton also means to eliminate repeated investment and reduce costs.

"Breakthrough War" refers toConcentrate on doing great things and form an ecological circle. Wang Peng pointed out that in the early years, Geely comprehensively covered different markets through many brands such as Krypton, Link and Geometry, but this model led to internal consumption of resources and prone to homogenization competition.

In response to this adjustment, Li Shufu voiced on May 7th that he should continue to promote the integration of automobile business, return to a Geely, integrate technological advantages, improve innovation ability and profitability, continue to create long-term value, and build the world’s leading intelligent electric vehicle group. At the same time, it will maintain close communication and cooperation with American and international capital markets.

According to the latest statement of Geely Automobile, Geely Group will create a unified listing platform, and fully integrate extremely krypton assets and resources, thus enhancing the competitiveness of the passenger car business of the Group.

Geely’s integration drama will continue.

Beijing News Shell Financial Reporter Lin Zi

Editor Yang Juanjuan

Proofread Lin Zhao